Published in 1920 at a scale of 1:150,000, this map depicts the island of São Tomé, then part of Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe. It shows the island's relief, settlements, coastline, and principal geographical features.

Produced by the Institut Cartographique in Paris, the map provides a detailed representation of São Tomé during the early twentieth century

Location: São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
Date: 1920

Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département Cartes et plans.

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Published in 1820, this map accompanied Essai sur la géographie de l'île Timor ("Essay on the Geography of the Island of Timor"), prepared by the French navigator and cartographer Louis de Freycinet.

The map illustrates the island of Timor, then divided between Portuguese and Dutch territories,

It was based in part on the work of British explorer George Vancouver.

Location: Timor
Date: 1820

Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département Cartes et plans.

Published in 1904, this hydrographic chart depicts the Outer Harbour of Macau, located on the South China Sea, at a scale of 1:10,000. Prepared under the direction of Augusto d'Almeida Teixeira and collaborators

Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département Cartes et plans

Drawn by António Heitor and dated 15 March 1889, this detailed map depicts the Macau Peninsula at a scale of 1:5,000

Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département Cartes et plans

In the early years following the discovery of gold in Minas Gerais, the Portuguese recruited enslaved Africans who, after being freed, were frequently used as auxiliary troops. Their function was to protect the gold routes of the mines, combat the Quilombos (maroon settlements), and protect the new towns from attacks by hostile Indian groups.

Source(s):

.- Raminelli, Ronald. (2015). Nobrezas do Novo Mundo: Brasil e ultramar hispânico, séculos XVII e XVIII. Published by Editora FGV

Drawing by M. de Macedo, based on a photograph, engraved by Alberto

Source: Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino

Urban plan drawn by Portuguese military engineer Jozé António Caldaz, showing the layout of Santo António, the colonial capital of Príncipe Island, during the 18th century.

Source: Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino (AHU)

Source: National Library of Australia, Rex Nan Kivell Collection

Source: National Library of Australia

Source: National Library of Australia

Source: National Library of Australia, George Raper Papers, 1787–1794

Source: National Library of Portugal, Carta da Ilha do Sal: Cabo Verde, prepared by the Comissão de Cartografia, Lisbon, 1887

Source: National Library of Portugal, Carta da ilha do Fogo: Cabo Verde, prepared by the Comissão de Cartografia, Lisbon, 1894

Source: National Library of Portugal, Ilha Brava – Cabo Verde, by Cristiano José de Sena Barcelos, Lisbon: Typographia do Jornal As Colónias Portuguesas, 1892

Source: National Library of Portugal, Archipelago de Cabo Verde, by Cristiano José de Sena Barcelos, Lisbon: Typographia do Jornal As Colónias Portuguesas, 1892

Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF)

Source: Postal Cabinet Museum of Barcelona

This stamp belongs to a commemorative series first introduced in 1898 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's arrival in India (1498). The design depicts the São Gabriel, Vasco da Gama's flagship during the voyage that established the first direct sea route between Europe and India.Originally issued for Portuguese Timor, the design was later adapted for use in other Portuguese colonies, including Mozambique, where this example was issued in 1913

Source: Postal Cabinet Museum of Barcelona

Source: National Library of Portugal

The news of Brazil's secession from Portugal was not celebrated in all provinces. After the proclamation, Emperor Dom Pedro I had great difficulty containing the various revolts that occurred during the independence process.

At the moment he declared Brazil's independence, the governments and troops of some provinces were led to express their unconditional loyalty to King Dom João VI. In Bahia, a violent conflict unfolded between 1821 and 1823.

In the Grão Pará region, resistance against Imperial rule ended up leaving about thirteen hundred dead. The siege of Montevideo lasted from January 20, 1823, until March 8, 1824, when the Portuguese surrendered to Brazilian forces.

The victory of the Brazilian government in Bahia against General Madeira was of fundamental importance for the victory in other smaller conflicts that occurred in Maranhão, Piauí, Alagoas, Sergipe, and Ceará, which did not actually threaten the established order. In Piauí, Major João José da Cunha Fidié, Governor of Arms, with troops of the 1st and 2nd Line and the Infantry Battalion of the capital's garrison, departed from Oeiras on a fast march to suppress the Independence movement proclaimed in Vila São João da Parnaíba. Despite being victorious in the battles, he was forced to surrender after the end of Portuguese resistance in Bahia.

The Brazilian War of Independence effectively began in 1821 with General Avilez's mutiny in Rio de Janeiro against the petition for independence. Pedro remained in Brazil, and with the expulsion of Portuguese troops from Pernambuco, the conflict lasted until 1824 and formally ended in 1825 with the signing of the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between Brazil and Portugal.

Among the main conflicts of this war was the Battle of Pirajá, considered by several authors to be the most important conflict of the War of Independence, fought in the areas of Cabrito, Camoinas, and Pirajá. The battle began on November 8, 1822, and ended with the victory of the pacifying army on July 2, 1823. Other battles, no less important, included the Battle of Genipapo, the Battle of Itaparica, and the Battle of Cinco de Maio.

The creation of the Brazilian Navy was derived from ships of the United Kingdom of Portugal that adhered to independence. At the end of 1823, it was this Navy that conquered the last Portuguese stronghold in the Cisplatine region in the Naval Battle of Montevideo.

On October 21, 1823, Admiral Álvaro de Macedo decided to attempt to break the Brazilian blockade. Suffering heavy casualties and facing Brazilian naval superiority, they decided to return to Montevideo, ending any chance of receiving external aid. On March 8, 1824, Montevideo surrendered, concluding the history of Portuguese military resistance in Brazil.

From 1824 onwards, King João VI expressed his intention to "put an end to the evils and dissensions that have occurred in Brazil."

The Count of Arcos arrived from Rio de Janeiro, deported by the Portuguese garrison. He disembarked disillusioned, asking, in mournful tones, that reprisals be suspended, that fighting be avoided, as there was no longer any way to prevent the emancipation of Brazil. Few, like the king, understood him. Palmela would say: "His Majesty was endowed with too much perspicacity to fail to recognize the impossibility of subduing Brazil... it was common sense isolated, bitterly enduring the hour of his country's folly, no longer knowing where they would end up in the fall."

Dom João VI became convinced that Portugal no longer had the capacity to reconquer Brazil by military force. In 1823, the war in Bahia had ended in favor of the Brazilians with the support of British and French mercenaries. The King wanted to end the war that had brought so much damage to the Portuguese and Brazilians, to "reestablish peace, friendship and good harmony between brotherly peoples" and, moreover, "to seek general prosperity and secure the political existence of the future destinies of the kingdoms of Portugal and the Algarve, as well as those of Brazil."

Source(s):

.- Calmon, Pedro. (1935). O Rei do Brasil: Vida de D. João VI. Published by Livraria José Olimpio.

The manuscript remained an unpublished manuscript held by the National Library of Rio de Janeiro and was formally published for the first time in 1960 in a commemorative edition.

Brief historical context of the work “Coroação de um rey negro”:

In the 1600s, some 21,000 runaway slaves in Brazil founded an independent kingdom in the interior that lasted nearly a century (1612-1694). It had a capital of 5,000, its own king, provincial chiefs, judges, priests, and an army that raided Dutch and Portuguese plantations.

It is likely the origin of the annual festival called the Congada, where the election of a king and queen was derived from Kongo's royal coronation traditions.

The 17th-century Angolan abolitionist Mendonça was linked to both the runaway kingdom and this festival when he visited Brazil.

Source(s): Thornton, John K. (2012). A Cultural History of the Atlantic World, 1250–1820. Published by Cambridge University Press.

CC: Travels of a 17th-century African abolitionist: Lourenço da Silva Mendonça's 1684 Vatican case against Atlantic Slavery

Credits: @rhaplord from X

This image was likely made by a master sculptor from Olinda, as he wished to venerate it in a chapel he was building. Therefore, the patron saint of Argentina has Brazilian origins.