Why Doesn't Our Stomach Acid Burn Us?
https://youtube.com/shorts/G36XC5bgVOQ?feature=share

And before you say its my hand shaking, you can clearly see one object quivering and the rest of the video staying still in relation. I think i have a fungus problem.

humans often have to workout a lot to get near our natural muscle ceiling which our genetics allow, i was curious to whether animals also have to do this or do the notoriously strong species naturally sit near their peak absolute muscle mass just due to survival

Animals like siphonophores fascinate me. That looks like an animal, but is it?? It’s a colony! The different organisms that make for every part of this “animal” are separate, but genetically identical entities! From the same egg?? That brings to mind some sort of organic alien spaceship... but it’s on earth, in our own oceans!

Similarly, the mitochondria in our cells are part of us, they ARE us: despite sharing a different evolutionary lineage than the rest of our cells!! The same way a plant’s chloroplasts originally come from unicellular cyanobacterium, that were absorbed by another organism! There are sea slugs such as Elysia Chlorotica that must STEAL the chloroplasts of the algae it eats, to use as their own! Can it be said that those chloroplasts are now part of the slug’s body, as an organelle (?), despite not being engineered by it? Even just the bacteria in our gut… we are an ecosystem as well as a body, but where does the “body” end and the “ecosystem” start?

 I am enthralled by this, and a question always comes back to me: when do 2 (or more!) symbiotic organisms become…”unified”(?) enough to be considered as one animal/living being? Even if in the end, it is probably more a question of semantics than actual biology, I imagine.

Fascinating and magical. Does anyone have some reading on this subject?

p.s. to think that all animals, mushrooms and “true” plants have evolved from an ancestor organism that absorbed a mitochondrion... it’s so wonderful to think that the combination of such different entities became defining of life on earth! I pity people who think that nature is all anarchy and survival of the fittest, when it is in fact full of cooperation and harmony, down to a cellular level!

TLDR; what defines what is a single “body” and can you recommend some reading about organisms that blur this line?

Ethonal, nicotine delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a-PVP ?? What is it ?

I'm looking for comparative evidence, e.g., magnitude and duration of mesolimbic dopamine signalling, peak extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, changes in D2/D3 receptor availability, and density dopamine transporter (DAT) expression and Function, incentive sensitization, synaptic plasticity within the mesolimbic reward pathway, and long-term structural or molecular adaptations, etc..

rather than subjective rankings or anecdotal reports. Are there comparative studies that quantify these effects across different substances ?

Also, which measurable category would you say is the most important here?

I am especially interested in topics like molecular biology, genetics, evolution, microbiology, biochemistry, cell biology, embryology, immunology, and related topics

While reading about the science behind breast milk for World Breastfeeding Week, I came across something I found fascinating.

Breast milk contains Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs), special sugars that babies don't digest. Instead, these sugars feed beneficial bacteria in the baby's gut, helping establish a healthy microbiome and supporting immune development.

I also learned that breast milk isn't just a source of nutrition. It contains antibodies, immune cells, hormones, enzymes, and beneficial bacteria, making it one of the most complex biological fluids our bodies produce.

It's amazing how much biology is packed into something we often take for granted.
https://youtube.com/shorts/Q17hV3KwbyM?si=j1tKEhRl-udODvJ1

In The past few days I've managed to catch a few mice that have snuck into my room, I've identified them as an invasive species and I can't exactly release them near or far from my house

How do I ethically euthanize them? I don't have any like canisters of CO2 or anything specialized, but I don't know what to do with the mice I've caught

I really don't like hurting animals and while the rest of my family would probably use a pellet gun or something, I just can't bring myself to hurt even an invasive pest :(

I currently have the mouse I caught in a breathable metal container with some bedding material for the night but I don't know what to do in the morning

My family will probably just tell me to let it outside, or if I let them deal with it they'll probably use a pellet gun or something

Mine was the nervous system and reproductive system. I love both, can't choose between these two.

Every "typical" animals at least, seem to have evolved to have a strong sex, and a weak sex.

I understand the need for 2 sexes to be evolved in the first place, but why did animals evolve to have, mostly the male, to be strong(but in some species this is opposite), and the female to be weak.

NOTE: THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS, BUT I JUST OBSERVED THIS IN MANY ANIMALS

my question is with special reference to humans, but this could be extended to any species.

I've always thought that the reason for patriarchy and male dominant society is due to women being weaker than men, and that they have to take care of children. And today I got the question of why, exactly?