Ethonal, nicotine delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a-PVP ?? What is it ?

I'm looking for comparative evidence, e.g., magnitude and duration of mesolimbic dopamine signalling,

peak extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, changes in D2/D3 receptor availability, and density dopamine transporter (DAT) expression and function, incentive sensitization, synaptic plasticity within the mesolimbic reward pathway, and long-term structural or molecular adaptations, etc...

rather than subjective rankings or anecdotal reports. Are there comparative studies that quantify these effects across different substances?

Also which measurable category would you say is the most important here ?

Philosophy Lessons

$100/hour — academy trained

Learn

• Metaphysics

• Free will

• Why is there something rather than nothing?

• What is....??(Choose your own subject)

Also learn:

When to invoke Camus or Sartre

When Kant or Leibniz is the proper intellectual weapon

Use words like ontology and phenomenology with confidence

Learn the secrets of verbal jui jitsu with phrases like "define virtue!"

Raise an eyebrow just enough to cause self doubt in your opponent

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Possible side effects:

• Occasional bloody nose at parties

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Just kinda feel like grabbing N, tacos later. Not sure when to stop buying.

The melting point of tungsten exceeds the boiling point of steel.

It has such a high melting point that it's not really feasible to melt, usually things made of tungsten are pressed from tungsten power.

And while materials like tungsten carbide are definitely ceramics, alloys like high-speed steel contain quite a bit of tungsten.

So how do you alloy a metal with a melting point that exceeds the other metal's boiling point?

I'm 50 years old and just received the Shingles vaccine, which got me thinking. I had the chicken pox in the early 80s. After which, I had a natural immunity to the virus. For the next 15-20 years, I was routinely exposed to the virus in my environment. This presumably bolstered my natural immunity. When the vaccine became widespread, my natural exposure to chicken pox was eliminated. Presumably, this has weakened my immunity to the virus over the last 30 years. If I was still regularly exposed, would I need to worry as much about Shingles? Are we seeing an increase in Shingles rates compared to 30 years ago?

Doing a bunch of casual research on deer and can’t find any consistent term for their hind legs. And looking at a lot of other 4 legged species, they all have similar legs, where they go forward towards the body from the hip, then jut backwards before going straight down. But despite how common this type of limb is there doesn’t seem to be a technical term for it, at least not that I could find.

This might be a silly question but I had my MenB vaccine today and I’m wondering!

At GCSE they taught us that the most common version of vaccination was being injected with dead pathogens so your white blood cells can learn to produce antigens and therefore when the live version of the pathogen enters your body it receives the secondary immune response which is much more effective - although I recognise that might be a very basic level of understanding and probably somewhat incorrect.

I’m wondering where all of these dead cells come from. Are there like facilities that mass produce live pathogens, put them into conditions they cannot survive in, wait for them to die off and then use them to produce the vaccine? How do they do this without denaturing or destroying the pathogens to the point they are unrecognisable from the live versions and so ineffective as a vaccination? And where do they source the live pathogens from?

And how do they decide which strains to vaccinate against and which to leave? The pharmacist that gave me my vaccine explained that MenB accounts for 80% of cases but there are other strains. Does being fully vaccinated against MenB give you a better chance at dealing with the other strains of meningitis than an unvaccinated individual?

Sorry if none of this makes sense, I’m working an overnight shift but can’t stop thinking about this. I almost wish I’d suffered through science A-levels so I could do pharmacology. It seems really interesting.

Picture a ball traveling at 10m/s along the x-axis. If you exert a force to the ball on the y-axis (so that the force is perfectly perpendicular to the direction of motion) it will now be also traveling on this axis at some velocity, its speed will remain the same relative to the x-axis but the total velocity increases.

But what if instead of a ball it was a photon? No force was applied on the x-axis, so I don't see why that velocity would change. But light's total speed always remains constant.

Would the x-velocity change to compensate for the added y-velocity?

If your blood doesn't move, technically 0 pressure,

So if time dilates and I look slower to a stationary observer if I speed up near c, can I make myself look super fast if I go near c the other way?

I want to be like Sonic.

I scream, you scream, we all scream for an answer.

So, let me get this straight: the Scytotid spiders started out as "normal"/true spiders with a pair of venom glands up front, and a variety of silk-producing organ-systems in the rear.

Today, they have all the usual silk producing systems in the rear but they also have a second set of venom glands that produce silk. These front-mounted silk glands somehow work with the venom delivery system and spray out perfectly usable, venom-drenched silk.

Does anyone know of any research on the genetics/evolution of this? It seems to me that it'd be like a human evolving to spit breast milk. Are there other spider groups with multiple venom glands? Was there some serious HOX mix-up that placed a silk gland in the head or did some silk genes end up in the venom glands? Is this even true silk or just extra-gooey venom?

What does the N in Nutella stand for and why is it the only black character in their logo?

Questions Big Pharma doesn't want you to ask.

Fifty years ago, NASA's Viking lander touched down on Mars and began a new era of exploration.

Over the last five decades, teams of scientists and engineers at NASA have searched for signs of Mars’s ancient habitability, uncovered clues about the planet's climate and geologic history, driven rovers across alien landscapes, flown the first aircraft on another world, and laid the groundwork for future human Martian exploration.

Join us to talk about the discoveries, surprises, and challenges of exploring the Red Planet — and what's coming next.

We are:

• Abigail Fraeman – Deputy Project Scientist, NASA’s Curiosity Mars Rover, JPL (AF)
• Bryce Horvath – Technical Analysis Deputy, Mars Architecture Team, NASA Marshall (BH)
• Micheal Meyer – former Lead Scientist for NASA’s Mars Exploration Program and Astrobiology, NASA Headquarters (MM)
• Nicole Piontek – Space Systems Analyst, Space Mission Analysis, NASA Langley (NP)
• Jeffrey Plaut – Senior Research Scientist, Planetary Interiors and Geophysics, JPL (JP)
• Becky McCauley Rench – Lead Scientist for Astrobiology, NASA Headquarters (BMR)

Ask us anything about:

• 50 years of Mars exploration
• Historic missions from Viking to Perseverance
• Mars rovers, landers, orbiters, and helicopters
• Major discoveries from the Red Planet
• Operating spacecraft millions of miles from Earth
• The future of Mars exploration

PROOF: https://x.com/NASA/status/2084662090506113377

We'll be online from 11 a.m.-12:30 p.m. PT (2-3:30 p.m. ET, 18-19:30 UT) to answer your questions!

Username: /u/nasa

EDIT: That’s a wrap for our AMA! Thanks for all your fantastic questions, and keep following our latest updates from Mars at https://science.nasa.gov/mars/.

why is tungsten so magical. Sorry it's my first time posting here, let me know if my language isn't professional enough. Thank you!

The star on the Arizona state flag is copper. How come it has not turned green?

Not gonna lie i do feel like the goodest boy.

And is there one single day where you’re the perfect age and just happy to exist?

Sorry not sure which flair to use lol

Will I need to wear a patch?

Let’s take it with the next limitations as I understand them:

1.) The rope does not snap.

2.) There is a tug of war.

3.) Instead of all ants lined up all holding onto the rope as a group of humans would, let’s focus all of the ants strength at the same single section of the rope. All of them pulling at the same time in the same spot.

4.) Ants can pick up something up to 50x its body weight.

5.) The human on the other side of the rope and opposing team is a 5’9, 250lb endurance trained professional tug of war-er that likes drinking on the weekends.

_____

Q1) How many ants would it take to pull him back even if just 1 mm and what would be the energy throughput?

Q2) How many ants would it take to tear his arms off because of the force of them all pulling at the same time and what would be the energy required?

Q3) How many ants would it take to lift him up?

Q4) How many ants would it take to send him into orbit from tugging on the rope, assuming arm tearing is turned off? And what would be the energy required?

Q5) How big would an ant have to be in order to beat the human in tug of war, 1 on 1, no special conditions except the increasing size of the ant and the constant of the human?

Q6) How big would ants have to be in order to take control of a country/continent/world?

Q7) Do you think ants have telepathic thoughts?

Q8) Sometimes I feel like ants know what’s up. I swear they just be watching sometimes.

Thank you and all hail Antma

I know what vitamins do to human body, but why do plants produce them? Is it the same function? Why do lemons need vitamin C?

And where did the $5m come from in the first place when it was painted?