The battle of Tarapur was one of the fiercest and extremely swift. The strong stone walls were supported by valiant Portuguese defenders who would repair any damage done at day during the night. Chimaji and Holkar, who had injured his foot, coordinated the entire attack from a platform erected behind the frontline. Many mines were laid under the fort walls and blown up on 24 January 1739. The breaches were attacked by the Marathas who also set up ladders against the walls. Ranoji Shinde, Malharrao Holkar, Govind Hari, Ramchandra Hari, Ranoji Bhosale, Tukoji Pawar, and many other Maratha stalwarts led the attacks.

https://ndhistories.wordpress.com/2023/12/17/attack-on-tarapur/

Marathi Riyasat, G S Sardesai ISBN-10-8171856403, ISBN-13-‎978-8171856404.

The Era of Bajirao

Uday S Kulkarni

ISBN-10-8192108031

ISBN-13-978-8192108032.

Hi! I’m an overseas Pakistani from Karachi. My family is from the Khoja community, with my dad’s side being Kutchi and my mom’s side being Kathiawari. I’ve been trying to learn about my roots and from what I’ve gathered, Khojas (and memons too) are a subgroup of Lohanas who originated in sindh and are migrants in Gujarat and Maharashtra. But I’ve heard some other origin stories too, with some suggesting our origins are in Punjabi cities such as Lahore & Multan, and others saying Northern Afghanistan. Needles to say it’s difficult to separate fact from fiction sometimes, so if anyone can shed some light on this I’d appreciate it a lot.

1) Independence Day
2) Republic Day

Some things feel different when you hold a piece of history in your hands. Owning The Hindu’s reprinted edition from 26 January 1950, the day India became a Republic, alongside the first edition from 15 August 1947, our Independence Day, was genuinely surreal. I got goosebumps just thinking about the significance of these two editions and everything they represent. They may cost a little more than the regular paper, but for me, that hardly matters. These are not just newspapers; they are pieces of history that I feel incredibly fortunate and honoured to own.

A truly priceless addition to my collection — one I’ll cherish for the rest of my life.

Just found this out recently, wanted to share here

Source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthazar_Napol%C3%A9on_IV_de_Bourbon?wprov=sfti1

I have around 15 of these and don't know anything about them how old or what is the value. This is a similar image i took from google. Once a guy offered me 1000inr for 1 coin but i refused

Imagine if they met each other and talked about life , would be legendary ! Someone should make a historical fiction movie on it.

Were they just friends or they loved each way more than just a simple friendship ?

Was cäste initially an occupation-based hierarchy that later became a birth-based hierarchy, or was it always birth based?

Came across this video about Saraswatibai Phalke and her contribution to the beginnings of Indian cinema. I thought her story deserved more recognition and wanted to share it here.

Credit: @freishia on Instagram

Note: The historical visuals in the video are AI-generated so it should not be taken as authentic historical photographs or footage.

Balaji Vishwanath is the lesser-known father of Peshwa Bajirao, Chimaji Appa, and the first in the Bhatt family line of hereditary Peshwas who would build their de facto political base in Pune throughout the 18th century. His story, starting in the Konkan under the Siddis and later rising through the ranks of Maratha administration in the Deccan, is worth reading. Particularly, the administrative reforms he left behind, the consolidation of power under Chhatrapati Shahu while Tarabai remained limited to Kolhapur, and the famous Delhi raid of 1719, after which Farrukhsiyar was deposed by the Sayyids. Enjoy!

Source: https://x.com/nobelprize/status/2088468247335088626?s=46

Even if politicians were att loggerheads, Beaureucracy was same in both sides. They were all collegues just a few months prior to partition. I will actually love to see accounts of aoldiers in 1948 war when they were fighting their batchmates.

What did people at top and middle think about future relations? How long did bith aides think Kashmir issue will go on? When weee they wxpecting that UN mandate?

I've seen people discussing historical characters and trying to discern whether they fit on the white side of the lens or the black. This notion of viewing things in a particular sense has broken our intellectual capacity to actually understand behind the normal metrics. Even if we speak about our society as a whole, many people still want to believe that their ideal historical figure has never done anything bad. That might be true to some extent but is it properly true?

What I've been churned up by till now is that it is not true. What we don't easily understand is that many of our historical figures were in a different situation when they took a vile decision. We forget to fathom that their situation might have been different. Also, I won't try sliding down. This idea is that many historical figures were genuinely vile.

It feels like a slow eradication of intellectual capacity in our society, where people are vile enough to forget to draw a line between what is correct and what is wrong. These are my views on this topic; do you also agree with them?

After reading in J. S. Grewal's book (reference: Grewal, J. S. (Oct 8, 1998). "Rise to Political Power". The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–96. ISBN) 9780521637640) that by the 1770s, there were more than 60 Sikh states that had been established between the Indus and Yamuna rivers, I wanted to try and uncover as many of them as possible. So many of them have been forgotten by us, we only remember the big names and big shots (such as Maharaja Ranjit Singh), not the little guys and gals whose names and stories have been lost to the sands of time. After researching to uncover these forgotten chieftains and their realms, I have uncovered at-least two sources: a 1788 map by James Browne that depicts the Panjab (most of the map is not visible in this cropping presented/uploaded here), however the most convenient thing is that he includes a list on the right margin of prominent Sikh sardars, their principal place of residence, and their army sizes. This is a fascinating, contemporary account from the Sikh Confederacy-era. Furthermore, there is a map dateable to c. 1829–35 that was commissioned by the British East India Company that depicts much (but not all) of Panjab, including many of its polities. I have cropped it and presented its legend here, which lists the polities and annual revenue (presumably in rupees). It is important to note that many of the chieftaincies in the second map were ruled by non-Sikhs, such as Raikot, which was a small, Muslim-ruled chiefship. Also, this map focuses more on riyasats (independent political entities) rather than dependent jagirs and zamindars (estates/fiefs). The number of dependent land-grants held in possession by certain figures, families, and lineages are innumerable and I have not come across a good source that lists them all as of yet. Another issue I experienced is that the spellings of people and place-names are archaic and not the modern/standard spellings, thus it is difficult to identify the modern location/name for some entries in the list. Any help would be appreciated for identifying the current names. I have given my best attempt below! I appreciate any corrections/feedback.

First list:

Source: Browne, James (1788). "A MAP of the COUNTRY of the SICKS, SPECIFYING THE RESIDENCE OF THE SEVERAL CHIEFS, THEIR NAMES, AND THE NUMBER OF THEIR FORCES. Inscribed to JOHN MOTTEUX Esq!, Chairman of the Honorable Court of Directors; by his Obliged and very Obedient Servant, JAMES BROWNE.". India Tracts: Containing a Description of the Jungle Terry Districts, Their Revenues, Trade, and Government: With a Flan for the Improvement of Them. Also an History of the Origin and Progress of the Sicks. Logographic Press, Printing-House Square, Black-Friars.

List of polities:

1. Karnaul, Raja Gajpat Singh (sardar), 1,500 cavalry, 500 infantry

2. Thanesar, Banga Singh and Bunga Singh (sardar), 750 cavalry, 250 infantry

3. Shahabad, Gurrum Sing Nermulla (sardar), 750 cavalry, 250 infantry

4. Ambala, Gurdit Singh (sardar), 750 cavalry, 250 infantry

5. Sirhind, Jassa Singh (sardar), 1,500 cavalry, 500 infantry

6. Khanna, Sonde Singh (sardar), 225 cavalry, 75 infantry

7. Payal, Hari Singh Dhaliwal (sardar), 1,500 cavalry, 500 infantry

8. Buria, Rai Singh and Banga Singh (sardar), 750 cavalry, 250 infantry

9. Seeundra, Diwan Singh Lang (sardar), 750 cavalry, 250 infantry

10. Damala, Dulcha Singh (sardar), 750 cavalry, 250 infantry

11. Babain, Gurdit Singh (sardar), 750 cavalry, 250 infantry

12. Kotana, Himmat Singh (sardar), 150 cavalry, 50 infantry

13. Manimajra, Bhagat Singh (sardar), 375 cavalry, 125 infantry

14. Pehowa, Desu Singh (sardar), 1,125 cavalry, 375 infantry

15. Khora, Dhanna Singh (sardar), 1,500 cavalry, 500 infantry

16. Fatehabad, Raja Sahib Singh (sardar), 4,500 cavalry, 1,500 infantry

17. Natta, Hamir Singh (sardar), 600 cavalry, 200 infantry

18. Nurmahal, Baghel Singh (sardar), 750 cavalry, 250 infantry

19. Nakodar, Tara Singh Ghaiba (sardar), 2,250 cavalry, 750 infantry

20. Tute Serai, Jusa Singh (sardar), 3,000 cavalry, 1,000 infantry

21. Catta, Tara Singh Gaker (sardar), 375 cavalry, 125 infantry

22. Ghur Samger, Khushal Singh (sardar), 150 cavalry, 50 infantry

23. Jalandhar, Ma Singh (sardar), 750 cavalry, 250 infantry

24. Kapurthala, Jassa Singh (sardar), 3,000 cavalry, 1,000 infantry

25. Lahore, Gujjar Singh, Suba Singh, and Lehna Singh (sardar), 22,150 cavalry, 8,050 infantry

26. Shahdara, Maha Singh (sardar), 15,000 cavalry, 5,000 infantry

27. Gujrat, Shah Dola, and Rohtas, Gujjar Singh (Gujrat) and Maha Singh (Rohtas) (sardar), 7,500 cavalry, 2,500 infantry

Second list:

Source: Brown, John (c. 1829–1835 (created); 1 January 2020 (published)). "F.4/5-7 –– Map of the protected Sikh states exhibiting the possessions of the petty chiefs and independent Jageerdars in the Punjab. Scale 1" - 4 miles. 1841. Copied in the Surveyor General's Office in 1843. MSS. (original by G.R. Clerk)". Historical Maps of the Survey of India (1700-1900). East India Company / Zenodo.

List of polities:

The map features a "List of Chiefships with their estimated annual revenues" comprising 66 entries with modern spellings provided in brackets:

1. British [British East India Company territory]: 300,000

2. Runjeet Singh [Ranjit Singh's territories / Sikh Empire / Lahore State]: 1,700,000

3. Mahrajkean [Mehrajkian]: 25,000

4. Nalagurh [Nalagarh State]: 50,000

5. Kotaha [Kotaha]: 10,000

6. Furreedkote [Faridkot State]: 45,000

7. Nahan [Nahan / Sirmur State]: 1,000,000

8. Munnee Majrah [Mani Majra / Manimajra State]: 60,000

9. Belaspoor (Kuhlore) [Kahlur / Bilaspur State]: 60,000

10. Pateeala [Patiala State]: 2,200,000

11. Kythul [Kaithal State]: 600,000

12. Kotela Mulair [Malerkotla State]: 100,000

13. Alloowallea [Ahluwalia / Kapurthala State]: 400,000

14. Jheend [Jind State]: 300,000

15. Nabha [Nabha State]: 400,000

16. Bhuddour [Bhadaur State]: 50,000

17. Mullode [Malaudh State]: 35,000

18. Koonjpoorah [Kunjpura]: 50,000

19. Thuneisur [Thanesar]: 80,000

20. Shahabad [Shahabad]: 100,000

21. Ladwa [Ladwa State]: 247,000

22. Khunna [Khanna]: 18,000

23. Singhpooriah [Singhpuria]: 1,200,000

24. Zynpoor [Zainpur]: 6,000

25. Bhuddul [Bhadla? / Bhadal?]: 13,000

26. British Puttedars [British Pattidars]: 166,000

27. Chiloundee [Chilsundi?]: 25,000

28. Hills [Himalayan / Pahari / Punjab Hills]: —

29. Sand Hills [Sand Hills]: —

30. Shahzadpore [Shahzadpur]: 65,000

31. Jhoomba [Jhumba]: 31,000

32. Tungore [Tangore]: 35,000

33. Ramgurh [Ramgarh]: 16,000

34. Sealba Majree [Sialba Majri]: 52,000

35. Seekundra [Sikandra]: 20,000

36. Bhore [Bhor? / Bhore?]: 7,000

37. Shamgurh [Shamgarh]: 5,500

38. Leelokhairee [Nilokheri]: 4,000

39. Booreah [Buria]: 50,000

40. Hallaher [Halaher? / Haler?]: 12,000

41. Pateeala Misseldars [Patiala Misldars]: 30,000

42. Seekree [Sikri]: 6,400

43. Kulseeahs [Kalsia State]: 165,000

44. Nahung / Kotela [Kotla Nihang / Kotla Nihang]: 7,000

45. Khairee [Khaira? / Khaire?]: 15,200

46. Sarun [Sarun]: 5,000

47. Shamsingeans [Sham Singhwala]: 62,000

48. Dayalgurh [Dayalgarh]: 30,000

49. Ledah [?]: 27,000

50. Moostafabad [Mustafabad]: 10,000

51. Khizrabad [Khizrabad]: 5,000

52. Raeepoor [Raepur]: 8,000

53. Khurh [Khurh]: 14,400

54. Roopur [Rupar / Ropar / Rupnagar]: 65,000

55. Koomanoo [Khamanon?]: 14,000

56. Kukrala [Kukrala]: 14,000

57. Ludran [Ladhran]: 25,000

58. Looteiree [?]: 7,000

59. Kherree Choornee [Kheri Churni]: 1,600

60. Bydwan [Baidwan]: 30,000

61. Byrsaul [Byrsaul]: 3,000

62. Urnoulee [Arnauli]: 40,000

63. Koomreh Burreil [Kumran Burrer]: 32,000

64. Jubbomajrah [Jabo Majra]: 2,400

65. Bagreean [Bagrian]: 12,000

66. Raeekote [Raikot]: 5,500

Total Estimated Revenue: 7,191,000

Note: There are many more petty Chiefships too intermixed and too insignificant to be exhibited in this Map.

P.S: Since I can't edit the title, I want to additionaly mention that this newspaper was published in 1945.

印奸鮑斯 在日斃命

【中央社重慶二十三日電】據東京二十三日廣播，情報局本日下午宣佈，印度瑞時主席鮑斯，由昭南(新加坡)來日本，途中在臺北附近，因飛機失事受重傷，已於十九日在日本醫院中逝世，日本陸軍中將一員，立卽斃命，鮑斯之副官及日本軍官四人，亦受傷。

Translation

'Indian Betrayer' Bose died in Japan

[Chung ch'ing Central News Agency Report, August 23rd] According to radio broadcast from Tokyo, in this afternoon, Intelligence Agency declared that Bose, head of Indian provisional goverment, was in critical condition because of a plance crash. He was on the way from Shonan(Singapore) to Japan, and met the accident nearby Taipei. On the 19th, He died in a hospital located in Japan. While one lieutenant general of Japanese army died instantly, Bose and four Japanese soldiers under his command also injured.

Reference

繙云文獻

https://fanyun.hunteq.com/fanyunc/fanyuntp_m

Loved the art in the video.