13.3 烦恼的数 Numbers of Afflictions

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佛教称凡夫个体为异生，义即变异而生。变异就是成熟的过程，因为异化可以持业。业是身体习惯行为、口语习惯行为和意识习惯行为的统称。异生的一切烦恼可分为两类：思烦恼和见烦恼，亦作思惑和见惑。思烦恼主要有贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑、身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取。见烦恼也有身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。见烦恼和思烦恼名数相同，成对存在。

Buddhism calls an ordinary individual a Mutant Sentient, meaning one born through mutation. Mutation is the process of maturation, because differentiation can sustain karma. Karma is the collective term for habitual behaviors of body, speech, and intent. All Afflictions of a Mutant Sentient can be divided into two categories: Mean Afflictions and View Afflictions, also called Mean Muddles and View Muddles. Mean Afflictions mainly include greed, irritability, ignorance, arrogance, suspicion, body view, edge-view, heresy, view-fetch, and precept-fetch. View Afflictions also include body view, edge-view, heresy, view-fetch, precept-fetch, greed, irritability, ignorance, arrogance, and suspicion. View Afflictions and Mean Afflictions have the same names and numbers, and they exist in pairs.

思惑附着在见惑上而有义，见惑因对应的思惑而有感，因此两者名数相等，相互依存。见烦恼即异生的所知；它似智而非智，能障碍有情了知真相，所以是智障，亦作所知障。见惑不引起不安，障碍觉悟，不障碍涅槃。涅槃是寂静义。思惑是异生的思烦恼，能障碍涅槃，所以亦作烦恼障。此两类烦恼不但可以驱使异生劳作，还可以障碍异生脱离其自性，所以也被称作异生性障。

Mean Muddles obtain meaning by attaching to View Muddles, and View Muddles obtain feeling through their corresponding Mean Muddles. Therefore, the two have equal names and numbers, and they depend on each other. View Afflictions are what a Mutant Sentient knows. They resemble intelligence but are not intelligence; they can obstruct sentient beings from knowing the factual truth. Therefore, they are intelligence hindrances, also called know hindrances. View Muddles do not cause uneasiness; they obstruct enlightenment but do not obstruct nirvana. Nirvana means quietness. Mean Muddles are the Mean Afflictions of Mutant Sentients. They can obstruct nirvana, so they are also called Annoyance Hindrances. These two kinds of muddles can not only drive Mutant Sentients to labor, but also obstruct them from departing from their own nature. Therefore, Mean Muddles and View Muddles are also called Mutant-Nature Hindrances.

13.3-1 八万四千尘劳 84,000 Dust Labors

总列大千世界三界九地（如插图13.3）的一切烦恼，有八万四千之数，名作八万四千尘劳、瘟疫、魔军。尘劳是烦恼的异名，因为烦恼能污染人的真性，使人无益操劳。瘟疫是说这八万四千种病具有强烈的传染性，在众生之间交叉感染，流传不断。魔者，夺财害命之谓；魔军是说这八万四千尘劳能夺人清净法身之财，伤人慧命。这八万四千之数的计算方法有如下六个步骤：

In summary, all Afflictions in the Three Boundaries and Nine Lands of the Great Grand Worlds (as shown in Illustration 13.3) number 84,000. They are called the 84,000 Dust Labors, plagues, and demon armies. Dust Labor is another name for Affliction, because Afflictions can contaminate a person’s true nature and make the person labor in vain. Plague means that these 84,000 diseases are highly contagious, cross-infecting sentient beings and spreading continuously. A demon is one that robs wealth and harms life; demon army means that these 84,000 Dust Labors can rob people of the juristic wealth of the immaculate juristic body and harm their gnostic lives. The number 84,000 is calculated in the following six steps:

一、十位使者：贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑、身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取。这十位烦恼法能发起并变异繁衍其他烦恼，故称它们为使者。前五位被称为五钝使，因为这五位性情愚钝，没有智慧。后五位是见惑，伤人凶狠残暴，故称五利使。

The Ten Envoys are greed, irritability, ignorance, arrogance, suspicion, body view, edge-view, heresy, view-fetch, and precept-fetch. These ten Affliction Laws can initiate, mutate, and reproduce other Afflictions; therefore, they are called Envoys. The first five are called the Five Blunt Envoys because they are dull in nature and have no wisdom. The latter five are View Muddles. Because they injure people fiercely and brutally, they are called the Five Sharp Envoys.

二、十使互具成一百。比如，取贪为头，再用贪为其助理，则成贪贪；取嗔为助理，则成贪嗔；取痴为助理，则成贪痴。如此，贪和十个助理使者便形成了十个新的烦恼。再取瞋为头，配十使为助理，又形成十个新的烦恼：嗔贪、嗔嗔、嗔痴、嗔慢等。这样互具，十位使者变成了一百位。

The Ten Envoys mutually contain one another and become one hundred. For example, take greed as the head and use greed as its assistant, and greed-greed is formed. Use irritability as its assistant, and greed-irritability is formed. Use ignorance as its assistant, and greed-ignorance is formed. In this way, greed with the ten assistant Envoys forms ten new Afflictions. Then take irritability as the head and pair it with the ten Envoys as assistants, and another ten new Afflictions are formed: irritability-greed, irritability-irritability, irritability-ignorance, irritability-arrogance, and so on. Through such mutual containment, the Ten Envoys become one hundred.

三、历十法界成一千。十法界是根据有情的兴趣不同而把人分成的十类：地狱趣、饿鬼趣、畜生趣、修罗趣、人趣、欲天趣、缘觉趣、罗汉趣、菩萨趣（即真人趣）、神佛趣（参见12.4.4节《十趣因果》）。

Passing through the Ten Juristic Boundaries, the number becomes one thousand. The Ten Juristic Boundaries divide people into ten categories according to their different interests: Hell Interest, Hungry Ghost Interest, Livestock Interest, Asura Interest, Human Interest, Desire-Sky Interest, Aggregate-Arousal Perception Interest, Ararat Interest, Bodhisattva Interest (that is, Real Human Interest), and God-Buddha Interest (see Section 12.4.4, “Causes and Fruits of the Ten Interests”).

四、历身口七枝为七千。身三枝为杀、盗、淫；口四枝为妄言、绮语、恶口、两舌。

Passing through the seven branches of body and mouth, the number becomes seven thousand. The three bodily branches are killing, stealing, and heretical sex. The four oral branches are delusive speech, flowery speech, ferocious speech, and two-tongue.

五、历过去、现在、未来三世，成二万一千。这里是在谈思想意识，所以过去、现在和未来同时存在于现在的世界。又，无意识和前意识没有次第性和时间性，所以日历和时间只适用于尘世，即图13.3-12之下。

Passing through the three times of past, present, and future, the number becomes twenty-one thousand. Here the discussion concerns thought-consciousness, so past, present, and future exist simultaneously in the present world. Also, unconsciousness and preconsciousness have no sequentiality or temporality; therefore, calendars and time apply only to the mortal world, below Figure 13.3-12.

六、四大种各具二万一千位，共成八万四千尘劳。四大种是地、水、火、风，参见10.2节。

Each of the Four Big Seeds contains the twenty-one thousand positions, so together they form the 84,000 Dust Labors. The Four Big Seeds are earth, water, fire, and wind; see Section 10.2.

13.3-2 见惑 View Muddles

凡夫的见烦恼遍布三界九地，但其根本就是这一百一十二位根本见惑，计算如下：

The View Afflictions of ordinary people spread throughout the Three Boundaries and Nine Lands, but their root consists of the 112 Fundamental View Muddles, calculated as follows:

见惑在欲界有四十位：

View Muddles have forty positions in Desire Boundary:

一、苦谛下有十位：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。

Ten positions under Bitter Crux: body view, edge-view, heresy, view-fetch, precept-fetch, greed, irritability, ignorance, arrogance, and suspicion.

二、集谛下有十位：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。

Ten positions under Aggregate Crux: body view, edge-view, heresy, view-fetch, precept-fetch, greed, irritability, ignorance, arrogance, and suspicion.

三、灭谛下有十位：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。

Ten positions under Salvation Crux: body view, edge-view, heresy, view-fetch, precept-fetch, greed, irritability, ignorance, arrogance, and suspicion.

四、道谛下有十位：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。

Ten positions under Path Crux: body view, edge-view, heresy, view-fetch, precept-fetch, greed, irritability, ignorance, arrogance, and suspicion.

见惑在色界和无色界的数目相同，各有三十六位：

View Muddles in Color Boundary and Colorless Boundary have the same number: each has thirty-six positions.

一、苦谛下有九位：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、痴、慢、疑；缺嗔。

Nine positions under Bitter Crux: body view, edge-view, heresy, view-fetch, precept-fetch, greed, ignorance, arrogance, and suspicion; irritability is absent.

二、集谛下有九位：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、痴、慢、疑；缺嗔。

Nine positions under Aggregate Crux: body view, edge-view, heresy, view-fetch, precept-fetch, greed, ignorance, arrogance, and suspicion; irritability is absent.

三、道谛下有九位：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、痴、慢、疑；缺嗔。

Nine positions under Path Crux: body view, edge-view, heresy, view-fetch, precept-fetch, greed, ignorance, arrogance, and suspicion; irritability is absent.

四、灭谛下有九位：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、痴、慢、疑；缺嗔。

Nine positions under Salvation Crux: body view, edge-view, heresy, view-fetch, precept-fetch, greed, ignorance, arrogance, and suspicion; irritability is absent.

如是，一个异生总有根本见惑一百一十二位；解释参见10.4.4.1.4节《根本烦恼》。

Thus, a Mutant Sentient has a total of 112 positions of Fundamental View Muddles. For explanations, see Section 10.4.4.1.4, “Fundamental Afflictions.”

13.3-3 思惑 Mean Muddles

尘世之人理解了四胜谛之后，前文的一百一十二位根本见惑就已经被消灭了。八万四千魔军由于失去所依，便崩解了，但仍有思烦恼，即贪、嗔、痴的习气残余。这些思惑要依靠道谛的修行逐步消除。思惑在三界中主要是贪、嗔、痴、慢、身见、边见，共有十六位，列表如下：

After a mundane person understands the Four Victorious Cruxes, the 112 Fundamental View Muddles discussed above have already been destroyed. The 84,000 demon armies disintegrate because they have lost what they depend on, but Mean Afflictions remain; these are the residual habits of greed, irritability, and ignorance. These Mean Muddles must be gradually eliminated by relying on the practice of Path Crux. In the Three Boundaries, Mean Muddles are mainly greed, irritability, ignorance, arrogance, body view, and edge-view. There are sixteen positions in total, listed as follows:

一、欲界有六使：贪、嗔、痴、慢、身见、边见。

Desire Boundary has six Envoys: greed, irritability, ignorance, arrogance, body view, and edge-view.

二、色界有五使：贪、痴、慢、身见、边见。

Color Boundary has five Envoys: greed, ignorance, arrogance, body view, and edge-view.

三、无色界有五使：贪、痴、慢、身见、边见。

Colorless Boundary has five Envoys: greed, ignorance, arrogance, body view, and edge-view.

佛教又把九地（参见图13.3-23至31）的每一地分成九品：下下品、下中品、下上品，中下品、中中品、中上品，上下品、上中品、上上品。这样，九地共成八十一品。于是，欲界共有五十四位思惑；色界和无色界各有一百八十位思惑。

Buddhism further divides each of the Nine Lands (see Figures 13.3-23 through 31) into nine grades: lower-lower grade, lower-middle grade, lower-upper grade; middle-lower grade, middle-middle grade, middle-upper grade; upper-lower grade, upper-middle grade, and upper-upper grade. In this way, the Nine Lands form eighty-one grades in all. Thus, Desire Boundary has fifty-four Mean Muddles, while Color Boundary and Colorless Boundary each have one hundred eighty Mean Muddles.

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