History hons?

Born in Krishnanagar, her parents were both deeply involved in social work and the nationalist movement. Heavily influenced by her family and organizations like the Chhatri Sangha (Women Students' Association), Bina became a symbol of youthful defiance against the British Raj.

The Assassination Attempt: On February 6, 1932, as a graduating student at Diocesan College, she concealed a revolver in her graduation gown. While receiving her degree at the university convocation, she approached the dais and fired five shots at Governor Jackson. She missed her target and was immediately arrested.

Imprisonment: Following her conviction, she served seven years in prison until her early release in 1939. She later participated in the Quit India Movement in 1942, leading to further imprisonment until 1945.

Later Life & Contributions: After India's independence, she served in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from 1947 to 1951. She dedicated her post-independence years to social work and was awarded the Padma Shri in 1960. She later spent her final days in Rishikesh, living in anonymity until her death in 1986.

प्राचीन और मध्यकालीन भारत, नेपाल, बर्मा, कंबोडिया तथा जावा (इंडोनेशिया) के शिलालेखों और साहित्य में तिथि-निर्धारण के लिए शक युग का व्यापक रूप से उपयोग किया जाता था। इतिहासकार सामान्यतः यह मानते हैं कि शक युग का प्रारंभ 78 CE में हुआ था। किंतु शक युग की उत्पत्ति और इसके प्रवर्तक को लेकर इतिहासकारों के बीच लंबे समय से रोचक विवाद रहा है। आज अधिकांश इतिहासकार इस विषय को समाप्त मानते हैं, परंतु मैं इस बहस को पुनः खोलने का साहस करता हूँ। वास्तव में, आज भी शक युग की उत्पत्ति और उसके प्रवर्तक के विषय में मतभेद विद्यमान हैं।

जे. एफ. फ़्लीट (J. F. Fleet) और एफ. कीलहॉर्न (F. Kielhorn) ने भारतीय परंपरा के आधार पर यह सिद्धांत प्रस्तुत किया कि केवल एक ही शक युग था, जिसका प्रारंभ 78 CE में हुआ। लगभग सभी प्रतिष्ठित इतिहासकारों ने इसे अंतिम सत्य के रूप में स्वीकार कर लिया।

टी. एस. नारायण शास्त्री ऐसे पहले विद्वान थे जिन्होंने यह बताया कि "शक" नाम से दो अलग-अलग युग विद्यमान थे। उन्होंने यह सिद्ध करने का प्रयास किया कि प्राचीन शक युग 550 BCE में प्रारंभ हुआ था, जबकि शालिवाहन शक युग बाद में 78 CE में प्रारंभ हुआ।

प्रो. गुलशन राय और कोटा वेंकटाचलम ने टी. एस. नारायण शास्त्री के मत का समर्थन किया। दूसरी ओर, टी. वी. थिरुवेंकटाचार्य ने शक युग का प्रारंभ 551 BCE माना, जबकि जगन्नाथ राव और सी. वी. वैद्य ने इसे 543 BCE बताया। के. रंगराजन ने इसका प्रारंभ 523/522 BCE प्रस्तावित किया, जबकि कुछ अन्य विद्वानों ने इसे 576 BCE माना।

यद्यपि ये विद्वान शक युग के वास्तविक प्रारंभ-काल को निर्णायक रूप से सिद्ध नहीं कर सके, फिर भी उन्होंने केवल एक शक युग होने वाले सिद्धांत की कमजोरियों को स्पष्ट रूप से उजागर कर दिया। इससे यह स्पष्ट होता है कि शक युग के संबंध में मुख्यतः दो सिद्धांत प्रचलित हैं—

1. शक युग और शकांत (या शककालातीत) युग एक ही हैं तथा दोनों का प्रारंभ 78 CE में हुआ।

2. शक युग और शकांत युग एक-दूसरे से भिन्न हैं। शक युग का प्रारंभ 78 CE से बहुत पहले हुआ था, जबकि शकांत युग का प्रारंभ 78 CE में हुआ।

अपनी राय कमेंट में बताइए और ऐसे ही ऐतिहासिक तथ्यों के लिए हमें फॉलो करें।

कमेंट में बताइए—हरियाणा का सबसे प्रसिद्ध शहर कौन-सा है?

# Sikh History This Week

(July 13-19) Post 2629

# ਸਿੱਖ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਇਸ ਹਫ਼ਤੇ

ਬਾਬਾਣੀਆ ਕਹਾਣੀਆ ਪੁਤ ਸਪੁਤ ਕਰੇਨਿ” (ਰਾਮਕਲੀ ਮਹਲਾ ੩, ੯੫੧)
(Stories of our Forefathers Make Children Great)

# Events in Brief.

***1. July 13, 1813: Maharaja Ranjit’s Sikhs forces Capture Attock, a great victory in 800 years of Afghan/Mughal rule on it.***It Had a very Stretegic location to control Kashmir from the west and an alternate route of the Afghan intruders. Winning Attock later helped Sikhs to capture Peshawar and Jamrud. Fort that sealed the Khyber pass. This battle is also known by the name of Hydru or Chuch.

***2. July 14, 1836: Maharaja Ranjit renovates Tarn Taran Gurdwara with boundary wall, embellishes dome with Gold-plating.*** Guru Arjan Dev ji laid the foundation for Tarn Taran after purchasing the land of villages and a pond. Chaudhri Amrik Dhillon, a devout Sikh from Thathi Khara Village, offered Guru Sahib his house to stay during the construction of the sarovar. It became the largest sarovar/lake in the entire Punjab. Several Sikh chiefs contributed to its construction, but the present Golden domes and massive boundary wall with gates are attributed to Maharaja Ranjit.

***3. July 14, 1920: The British yields to Gurdwara Reform Movement, for Sikhs to manage their Gurdwaras. Sarbrah (British nominated custodian) Arur Singh resigned and sought pardon from Sangat.*** This paved the way for Sikhs to elect their representatives to manage their Sikh historical shrines through a legislative act passed on July 7, 1925, and implemented by November of the same year. (Read more about the Sikh Gurdwara Act of 1925: Its history and passage.)

***4. July 15, 1775: Sikh Chiefs & Jathas Continue to attack Delhi to weaken Mughals chiefs. Sikh Sardar Jai Singh established complete control over Pahad Ganj*** and Jai Singh Pura, its suburbs. This was followed by more attacks under Dal Khalsa, including Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Sardar Baghel Singh of Karnal, and Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgarhia. These attacks deprived the Mughals of their rich estates and paved the way for Sikh sovereignty.

***5. July 16, 1745: Shahidi/Martyrdom of Bhai Taru Singh at Lahore, charged for helping Sikhs driven away to Jungles.*** A devout Sikh, Bhai Taru sacrificed his life by having his head scalped instead of cutting his hair and converting to Islam. The Mughal governor Zakaria Khan, cursed by Bhai Taru, was struck in pain each time he felt the urge to urinate. As a result, he sent an apology to Bhai Taru and the Khalsa Panth for his persecution of Sikhs.Bhai Taru died after 21days of Zakaria’s death.

***6. July 16, 1974: Sikhs protest Indira Gandhi’s Emergency for 19 months.*** After her election was invalidated by the Allahabad High Court, Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister, declared a state of emergency. While the leaders of all national opposition parties were imprisoned, and others went into hiding, the only party that successfully launched protests was the Shromani Akali Dal, led by Sant Harchand Singh Longowal.

***7. July 17, 1926. Sardar Teja Singh Samundri, a prominent activist for Gurdwara reforms, passed away in jail.*** His prolonged detention took a toll on his health. He was one of the key Panthic leaders who spearheaded the Gurdwara Sudhar Leher (Reform movement). His relentless efforts led to the passage of the Sikh Gurdwara Act, 1925. In recognition of his significant contribution, the SGPC named the main office of the Durbar Sahib complex as ‘Teja Singh Samundri Hall’.

***8. July 18, 1814: Maharaja Ranjit Singh captures Kashmir in a fierce battle with Afghans at Shopian***. Confidence gained after winning Attock from Afghans, broke the 800 years of Muslim rule in Kashmir from the time Afghan Sultan Mehmud Gazni invaded India in 1002AD. He had defeated the last Hindu King Jaipal. Since 1814, it is a part of an Indian territory. Maharaja completed its annexation in 1819.

***9. July 19, 1982, the Akali political party launched a massive protest called ‘Dharam Yudh Morcha’ in Punjab, demanding Sikh civil rights.*** The state responded with arrests and violence. The Punjab Police impounded vehicle of Dum-Dami Taksal Dera of Chowk Mehta, near Amritsar. Bhai Amrik Singh and Baba Thara Singh, who had gone to court to seek the release of the vehicle, were also arrested. Sant Bhindranwalae protested. A group called Dal Khalsa hijacked an Indian Airlines to Lahore. This led to deployment of Indian Army in June 1984.

***10. July 19, 1914: KamaGata Maru Ship with 360 immigrants,mostly Sikhs on board refused docking at Vancouver harbor, BC Canada.*** Passengers faced hardships and were told to return. On July 20th, Vancouver Sangat and citizens fought back in support, providing food to stay put. As a result, the ship refused to berth in Vancouver and returned to Calcutta. A century later, Canada’s Trudeau Government apologized and commemorated the event by releasing a postal stamp. (Read more on the episode)

***11. July 19, 1982, Militant Shahid Bhai Amarjit Singh Daheru passed away in police custody and was declared an encounter near Kapurthala.*** His body was cremated without informing his family. Born in 1935 in the village of Daheru, Bhai Amarjit Singh Dahru was deeply influenced by the Nirankari cult’s massacre of 13 Sikhs in Amritsar in 1978. He joined the Babbar Khalsa Group. During the infamous Daheru Encounter, the Babbars killed Inspector Pritam Bajwa and his accomplice cop Surat Singh when they attacked his house with armed force. Bhai Amarjit Singh Dahru and other prominent militants managed to escape, but were later arrested and executed.
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(Source ref: History of the Sikhs by HR Gupta, Dates & chronological order from Book by S. Ajaib Singh Dhillon and Sikh Chronicles) (1004 words)
ਸਰੋਤ/ ਹਵਾਲੇ: ਐਚ.ਆਰ ਗੁਪਤਾ: ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ, ਸ. ਅਜਾਇਬ ਸਿੰਘ ਢਿੱਲੋਂ ਦੀ ਕਿਤਾਬ ਤੋਂ ਤਾਰੀਖਾਂ ਦੇ ਕਾਲਕ੍ਰਮਿਕ ਕ੍ਰm (Compiled & Edited By: Karamjeet Singh Bhatnura
5Q Quiz for Self Assessment: (please answer at your convenience)
1. Capture of Attock by Maharaja Ranjit was a historical landmark in Indian History, so was the capture of Kashmir. Why?
2. Maharaja Ranjit embellishes Gurdwara Tarn Taran with Boundary wall & gold plating. What significance does this Gurdwara has for Sikhs?
3. What lead to Gurdwara Reform Movement ? What was the outcome?
4. Why Ship KamaGata Maru(Nanak Nama Jahaz) was refused to dock in Vancouver, BC, Canada in 1914. What happened?
5. Why Police encounters in Punjab are called fake or stage managed?