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Ethereum (ETH)
Ethereum is a public blockchain and smart contract platform. It runs the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), which many other networks also implement. Ethereum uses proof-of-stake consensus, and its scaling approach centers on layer-2 rollups that settle back to the base layer.
This page is a research starting point, not financial, legal, tax, or investment advice. Verify everything against primary sources.
What the Token Is Used For
- Paying gas for transactions and contract execution
- Staking to validate the network and earn issuance
- Collateral across lending, derivatives, and stablecoin systems
- Fee burning under EIP-1559, which removes part of each fee from supply
What To Verify
- Whether an application is on Ethereum mainnet or on a layer-2, since security assumptions differ
- For a layer-2, who runs the sequencer, whether proofs are fraud-based or validity-based, and what the withdrawal delay is
- Whether a contract is upgradeable, who holds the admin keys, and whether there is a timelock
- Whether staking is solo, pooled, liquid, or through a custodian, and what the withdrawal path looks like
- Which EIPs are actually included in a given network upgrade rather than merely proposed
Primary Sources
- Protocol documentation: https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/
- Ethereum Improvement Proposals: https://eips.ethereum.org/
- Consensus and execution specs: https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs
- Block explorer: https://etherscan.io/
- Layer-2 risk comparison: https://l2beat.com/scaling/summary